500 Years Later: Spain Offers Citizenship to Jews Expelled by Inquistion

Spain is coming to terms with the torture, humiliation and death they inflicted on its Jews many centuries ago.

The Telegraph (UK) Sunday, March 30, 2014

Spain invites descendants of Sephardic Jews expelled 500 years ago to return

Huge interest among Sephardic Jews worldwide in taking up offer of Spanish citizenship

The Court of the Inquisition by Spanish artist Francisco Goya. The accused sit in chains and pointed hats. (photo credit: Wikimedia Commons/CC BY)

By Fiona Govan, Madrid and Robert Tait in Jerusalem

"The law we've approved has a deep historic meaning…because it concerns events in our past of which we should not be proud, like the decree to expel the Jews in 1492…” - Justice Minister Alberto Ruiz-Gallardon

More than five centuries after Spain's Jews were forced to flee, convert to Catholicism or face execution without trial, their descendants are being invited to return and take up dual citizenship.

Spain's government has approved a draft bill that will allow descendants of those Sephardic Jews who were expelled in 1492, under the crusading Catholic rule of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to seek dual citizenship.

The new law would offer the prospect of an EU passport to up to 3.5 million people worldwide, many in Israel but others thought to reside in France, the United States, Turkey, Mexico, Argentina and Chile.

Spanish consulates in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem are among those said to be facing a flood of requests for more information since the plan was announced.

An estimated 300,000 Jews resided in Spain before the infamous Spanish Inquisition of the 15th Century, when the "Reyes Catolicos" reconquered Spain from its Arab rulers and ordered Jews and Muslims to convert to the Catholic faith or leave the country.

Two years ago Spain announced that it would grant automatic citizenship to Jews of Sephardic descent in a gesture of reconciliation but there were few takers as the current law stipulates that they had first to renounce their existing citizenship.

But the conservative government of the prime minister, Mariano Rajoy is now going further and will make it easier for those with Sephardic roots to take up dual citizenship.

"The law we've approved has a deep historic meaning: not only because it concerns events in our past of which we should not be proud, like the decree to expel the Jews in 1492, but because it reflects the reality of Spain as an open and plural society," Justice Minister Alberto Ruiz-Gallardon said after the cabinet approved the draft law last Friday.

Prospective applicants must prove their Sephardic background through their surnames, language or ancestry and get a certificate from the federation of Jewish communities in Spain.

Applicants do not have to be practising Jews, Mr Gallardon said and those who have knowledge of the Ladino language – the Judeo Spanish tongue spoken by the Sephardic Jews - will also be considered.

The word Sephardic comes from Sefarad, or Spain in Hebrew, and those who can prove their origins will have two year deadline to apply for citizenship once the bill is approved by Congress. The law potentially applies to an estimated 3.5 million residents of countries where many Sephardic Jews eventually settled, and was welcomed by Jewish leaders internationally.

"We're very pleased to hear the Spanish government has facilitated the process of allowing Sephardic Jews to seek Spanish nationality without giving up their citizenship," said Lynne Winters, director of the American Sephardi Federation in New York.

Dr Abraham Haim, president of the council of sephardi and oriental communities of Jerusalem, called it "a very advanced step".

Maya Weiss-Tamir, an Israeli lawyer who handles application for Spanish citizenship, said she had received many phone calls from people with family names that appear on the legislation's list.

Her office already inundated with the files of Jewish exiles from Spain but said many would-be applicants had difficulty proving their ancestral ties to the country.

"People want to work, to live there, and there are sentimental considerations too," she told Israel's Ynet news site. "[But] on the way proof was lost, and there was a Holocaust, but there are people who have data that goes back many years.

"We're talking about links that go back more than 500 years. Proving such a historical link is not simple for historical and objective reasons."

But she said the new legislation would change rules that require Israeli applicants to live in Spain for two years while giving up their Israeli passport to qualify for citizenship.

"The law will lighten the burden on the descendants of the expelled and will define their unusual circumstances," she added.

Tens of thousands of Israelis have used their family backgrounds to apply for and receive EU passports in recent years. Many have taken up the citizenship of Germany and Poland, despite their historical associations with the Holocaust.

Remorse for Nazi Past from Berlin, Vienna

Regret for the past is a critical step in the refinement of the nations. Otherwise, how will they be able to receive the  light of the Redemption?

Berlin Zoo comes to terms with Nazi past, seeks out former Jewish shareholders

During World War II, the Berlin Zoo was one of the first establishments to push out Jewish patrons – even before the Nazi regime had asked institutions to do so. More than 70 years later, the zoo is trying to own up to its misdeeds.

In 1938, the Berlin Zoo got rid of Jewish board members and forced Jewish shareholders to sell their stock at a loss, before re-selling the stock in an effort to "Aryanize" the institution. The zoo has now commissioned a historian to identify these past shareholders and track down their descendants, according to a report by AFP.

"Jews were very important for the zoo," the historian, Monika Schmidt, told AFP. "But they were pushed out step by step by the zoo itself, before the Nazi state asked any institution to do those things."

According to the report, roughly a quarter of the zoo's 4,000 shareholders in the '30s were Jews.

At the time, the Berlin Zoo was something of a social hotspot; instead of receiving dividends, the shareholders and their families enjoyed free access to the zoo, as well as the prestige of supporting an important institution.

"…in former times, the zoo was a very important meeting place for the city," said Schmidt, who works for the Center for Research on Anti-Semitism in Berlin.

Schmidt has managed to locate Jochanan Asriel, 89, whose grandfather was a shareholder. As a boy, Asriel would ride his bike to the zoo every afternoon.

"I remember all the animals, and I remember where they were placed," Asriel told AFP. "I don't remember what I ate yesterday, but what I remember from the zoo, I remember very well."

Asriel, who fled Germany as a teenager in 1939, now lives in the northern Israeli city of Haifa.

According to the report, Schmidt plans to publish the names and biographies of the shareholders in a book next year.

The zoo's dark past came to light in 2000, when retired New York sociology professor Werner Cohn asked the institution about his father's shares.

The zoo initially responded by saying that there was "neither force, nor compulsion" in the transfer of shares from Jews to non-Jews, but later decided to commission Schmidt to begin her research.

She then exposed the stock sales, the zoo's removal of Jewish board members, and the barring of Jewish visitors from the institution starting in 1939.

According to AFP, the zoo installed a plaque commemorating the Jewish shareholders.

"It is important to make the decision to continue to engage with this topic, to not forget what is possible," said zoo spokeswoman Claudia Bienek.

According to Bienek, reparation payments are not being considered.

http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.561521

Vienna Philharmonic Strips Ex-Nazis of Honors 

VIENNA December 20, 2013 (AP)

By GEORGE JAHN Associated Press 

The famed Vienna Philharmonic orchestra has quietly stripped six former senior Nazi officials of honors awarded them — a late act of contrition for its embrace of the Hitler era that included purging Jewish members from its ranks.

The decision was divulged to The Associated Press by an orchestra member on Friday and confirmed by historian Oliver Rathkolb.

Rathkolb led research earlier this year documenting the orchestra's close cooperation with Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels and other top Hitler associates after Germany's 1938 annexation of Austria.

The formal vote to revoke the awards was held at the orchestra's annual meeting on Oct. 23 but the move was not announced. Rathkolb said all ensemble members agreed then to strip the officials from golden rings of honor and medals.

Those losing the honors included Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a top Hitler associate sentenced to death for war crimes and crimes against humanity and Vienna governor Baldur von Schirach, who drew a 20-year prison sentence at the Nuremberg trials for his leading role in the deportation of tens of thousands of Jews.

The others stripped of the honors were senior SS official Albert Reitter; Friedrich Rainer, governor of Salzburg and Carinthia provinces; Rudolf Toepfer, a ranking Hitler-era railway official; and Vienna Mayor Hanns Blaschke.

Under the Nazis, 13 musicians with Jewish roots or kin were fired by the orchestra and five died in concentration camps. By the end of World War II, about half of the Philharmonic's members had joined the Nazi party.